The whole video depends on these 4 claims. If any of them falls, the video falls with it. The links go straight to the source.
| 1920-07-25 | Rosalind Franklin nasce em Londres T2 reviewed |
| 1945 | Doutorado em Cambridge com a pesquisa sobre carvão T3 tertiary |
| 1947 | Vai para Paris e se torna cristalógrafa de raios X no laboratório de Jacques Mering T3 tertiary |
| 1951 | Entra no King's College London como pesquisadora associada para estudar o DNA T3 tertiary |
| 1951-10 | Com o aluno Raymond Gosling, separa os dois padrões de difração do DNA, as formas A e B T2 reviewed |
| 1951-11 | Seminário em que apresenta seus dados; Watson e Crick constroem em seguida um modelo de três fitas, que se mostra errado T3 tertiary |
| 1952 | Franklin e Gosling obtêm a imagem de raios X da forma B que ficaria conhecida como Foto 51 T2 reviewed |
| 1952-12 | O King's prepara um relatório para a visita do comitê de biofísica do Medical Research Council, com uma página de Franklin T2 reviewed |
| 1953-01 | Chega a Cambridge o artigo errado de Linus Pauling, e Watson e Crick voltam a montar modelos T3 tertiary |
| 1953-03-07 | Watson e Crick terminam o modelo da dupla hélice T3 tertiary |
| 1953-04-25 | A Nature publica três artigos em sequência: Watson e Crick, Wilkins e colegas, Franklin e Gosling T1 primary |
| 1954 | Crick e Watson publicam a descrição completa da estrutura na Proceedings of the Royal Society T1 primary |
| 1958-04-16 | Franklin morre de câncer de ovário, aos 37 anos T2 reviewed |
| 1962 | Watson, Crick e Wilkins recebem o Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina T1 primary |
| 1968 | Watson publica o livro de memórias The Double Helix T2 reviewed |
| 1969 | Max Perutz publica na Science a carta sobre o relatório que repassou a Watson e Crick T1 primary |
| 2023-04-25 | Matthew Cobb e Nathaniel Comfort publicam na Nature a releitura dos arquivos de Franklin T1 primary |
| 2025-11-06 | Morre James Watson, aos 97 anos T2 reviewed |
• As indicações ao Nobel de Medicina de 1962 NÃO são consultáveis: o arquivo online de Fisiologia ou Medicina só vai até 1953. O roteiro não afirma nada sobre quem foi indicado em Medicina.
• A ausência dela nas indicações de Química e Física (ref-39 a ref-44, ref-65 a ref-70) só vale para o que o arquivo publicado traz; a Fundação diz que a base online não é completa. O roteiro diz 'o arquivo publicado não traz o nome dela', nunca 'ninguém nunca a indicou'.
• A regra do Nobel sobre premiado morto: a fonte (AP, ref-38) diz que póstumos sempre foram raríssimos e hoje não são permitidos. O roteiro não dá o ano da regra nem diz que em 1962 era proibido.
• 'Com o conhecimento de Franklin' é palavra de Raymond Gosling, dita décadas depois (ref-10, ref-59): entra sempre atribuída a ele. Markel (ref-55) e Pederson (ref-58) sustentam o contrário — o vídeo mostra as duas versões.
• A leitura de que a foto pesou pouco (ref-12) e de que o relatório pesou mais (ref-13) é de Cobb e Comfort, biógrafos de Watson e de Crick (ref-50). Entra atribuída a eles, com a objeção de Garman (ref-57: Watson em 1999 chamou a foto de evento-chave) e a de Markel.
• O manuscrito de 17 de março de 1953 e a conclusão de Klug (ref-21) vêm só da Wikipédia (T3). Entram atribuídos a Klug, sem detalhe técnico além do trecho.
• A frase 'It's very pretty, but how are they going to prove it?' (ref-26) é relatada, não documentada no material: entra como 'teria dito'.
• O dia exato de janeiro de 1953 em que Watson viu a foto não está no material; o roteiro diz 'no começo de 1953' ou 'em janeiro de 1953' só junto do artigo de Pauling (ref-11).
• A Wikipédia em português diz que Watson defendeu um Nobel de Química para ela e que ela 'nunca soube' do uso das fotos; nenhuma das duas afirmações tem fonte no material além da Wikipédia e a segunda é contrariada pela entrevista de Gosling. Não entram.
• Todos os quatro protagonistas morreram (Franklin 1958, Crick e Wilkins 2004, Watson 2025). Mesmo assim, nenhum verbo de culpa ao lado de nome próprio: 'usaram sem permissão' é a formulação de Cobb e Comfort, atribuída; 'calote' é de Markel, atribuído.
• A Foto 51 é do arquivo do King's College London e não tem licença livre conhecida: no vídeo, o padrão em X entra como diagrama redesenhado e anunciado como reconstrução.
- T2 reviewed
Rosalind Franklin nasceu em 25 de julho de 1920 e morreu em 16 de abril de 1958“data de nascimento: 1920-07-25 - data de morte: 1958-04-16”
- T2 reviewed
James Watson nasceu em 6 de abril de 1928, em Chicago, e morreu em 6 de novembro de 2025, em East Northport“data de nascimento: 1928-04-06 - data de morte: 2025-11-06 - local de nascimento: Chicago - local de morte: East Northport”
- T3 tertiary
A pesquisa sobre carvão deu a ela o doutorado em Cambridge em 1945; em 1947 foi para Paris trabalhar com Jacques Mering e se tornou uma cristalógrafa de raios X experiente“The research on coal helped Franklin earn a PhD from Cambridge in 1945. Moving to Paris in 1947 as a chercheur (postdoctoral researcher) under Jacques Mering at the Laboratoire Central des Services Chimiques de l'État, she became an accomplished X-ray crystallographer.”
- T1 primary
Em 1951, antes do DNA, Franklin já publicava sozinha sobre a estrutura do carbono grafítico na Acta Crystallographica - T3 tertiary
Em 1951 ela entrou no King's College London como pesquisadora associada e descobriu propriedades do DNA que ajudaram na descrição correta da dupla hélice“After joining King's College London in 1951 as a research associate, Franklin discovered some key properties of DNA, which eventually facilitated the correct description of the double helix structure of DNA.”
- T2 reviewed
Em outubro de 1951, Franklin e Raymond Gosling estabeleceram que o DNA produz dois padrões de difração diferentes“In October 1951 , Franklin and Raymond Gosling established that there are two different patterns”
- T3 tertiary
A partir do seminário de Franklin em novembro de 1951, Watson e Crick montaram um modelo de três fitas, que logo se mostrou errado“Based on Franklin's lecture in November 1951 that DNA was helical with either two or three strands, they constructed a triple-helix model, which was immediately proven to be flawed.”
- T2 reviewed
A Foto 51 foi tirada por Rosalind Franklin e Raymond Gosling em 1952 e hoje aparece na moeda britânica de 50 pence“the famous X-ray image of DNA taken by Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling in 1952 that now features on the new 50 pence coin.”
- T2 reviewed
Franklin se preparava para ir para o Birkbeck College, também em Londres, e tinha recebido instrução de deixar para trás o trabalho com DNA“She was preparing to transfer to Birkbeck College, also in London, and had been instructed to leave her DNA work behind.”
- T2 reviewed carries the thesis
Gosling, que passara a ser orientado por Wilkins, entregou a foto a Wilkins; segundo o próprio Gosling, com o conhecimento de Franklin“Gosling was now being supervised by Wilkins, and he had given Wilkins the photograph. (He says he did so with Franklin’s knowledge”
- T3 tertiary
A chegada a Cambridge do artigo errado de Linus Pauling, em janeiro de 1953, levou Lawrence Bragg a incentivar Watson e Crick a voltar a montar modelos“The arrival in Cambridge of Linus Pauling's flawed paper in January 1953 prompted the head of the Cavendish Laboratory, Lawrence Bragg, to encourage Watson and Crick to resume their own model building.”
- T2 reviewed
Para Cobb e Comfort, a foto sozinha só revelava que a forma B era provavelmente algum tipo de hélice, o que ninguém duvidava“all the image revealed was that the B form was probably some kind of helix, which no one doubted.”
- T2 reviewed carries the thesis
Pouco depois de Watson ver a Foto 51, Max Perutz, orientador de Crick, entregou aos dois um relatório informal da unidade do MRC no King's, que ele recebera numa visita oficial em dezembro de 1952“Shortly after Watson saw Photograph 51, Crick’s supervisor, Max Perutz, handed them an informal report of the activity of the King’s MRC unit, which he had been given as part of an official visit to the unit in December 1952.”
- T2 reviewed
Na parte dela do relatório do MRC, Franklin confirmava a medida de repetição de 34 ångströms da forma B“In her contribution to the MRC report, Franklin had confirmed the 34 Å result for the B form.”
- T3 tertiary
O relatório confirmou a repetição de 34 ångströms e mostrou a simetria C2, o que indicou a Crick na hora que havia fitas correndo em sentidos opostos“This decisively confirmed the 34 Angstrom repeat distance; and established that the structure had C2 symmetry, immediately confirming to Crick that it must contain an equal number of parallel and anti-parallel strands running in opposite directions.”
- T2 reviewed
Em carta à Science em 1969, Perutz disse que lamentava ter repassado o relatório sem consultar antes o grupo do King's; o relatório não era confidencial“In a 1969 letter to Science , although Perutz said that he regretted sharing the report without first consulting the King’s group, it was not confidential”
- T1 primary
A carta de Max Perutz, DNA Helix, saiu na Science em 27 de junho de 1969 - T2 reviewed carries the thesis
Segundo Cobb e Comfort, Watson e Crick resolveram a estrutura pelo próprio método de tentativa e erro e usaram os dados do King's, sem permissão, para confirmá-la“Instead, they solved the structure through their own iterative approach and then used the King’s data — without permission — to confirm it.”
- T3 tertiary
No livro The Double Helix, Watson admitiu que Franklin não lhes deu os dados diretamente e que ninguém no King's sabia que eles estavam em suas mãos“In The Double Helix, Watson later admitted that "Rosy, of course, did not directly give us her data. For that matter, no one at King's realized they were in our hands".”
- T3 tertiary
Watson e Crick terminaram de montar o modelo em 7 de março de 1953“Watson and Crick finished building their model on 7 March 1953”
- T3 tertiary
O manuscrito de Franklin e Gosling datado de 17 de março de 1953, achado por Aaron Klug, mostra que ela já tinha resolvido a estrutura da forma B por conta própria“But Klug later discovered the original draft of the manuscript (dated 17 March 1953) from which it became clear that Franklin had already resolved the correct structure.”
- T1 primary
O artigo de Watson e Crick, A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid, saiu na Nature de 25 de abril de 1953 - T1 primary
Na mesma edição saiu o artigo de Wilkins, Stokes e Wilson - T1 primary
E na mesma edição saiu o artigo de Rosalind Franklin e R. G. Gosling, Molecular Configuration in Sodium Thymonucleate, com os dados de raios X dela - T2 reviewed
No artigo do modelo, Watson e Crick escreveram que não conheciam os detalhes dos dados não publicados do King's e que a estrutura se apoiava principalmente em dados já publicados“They insisted, though, that they were “not aware of the details”, claiming that the structure “rests mainly though not entirely on published experimental data and stereochemical arguments””
- T3 tertiary
Franklin viu o modelo e reagiu com ceticismo; a frase atribuída a ela é: é muito bonito, mas como vão provar?“Franklin is reported to have commented, "It's very pretty, but how are they going to prove it?"”
- T1 primary
Crick e Watson publicaram The complementary structure of deoxyribonucleic acid na Proceedings of the Royal Society em 7 de abril de 1954 - T2 reviewed carries the thesis
No artigo seguinte, com a descrição completa da estrutura, Crick e Watson reconheceram que sem os dados de Franklin a formulação da estrutura teria sido muito improvável, se não impossível“They acknowledged that, without Franklin’s data, “the formulation of our structure would have been most unlikely, if not impossible””
- T2 reviewed
A mesma frase de Crick e Watson é citada de forma independente por Steven Oppenheimer como o reconhecimento dos próprios autores“Without Franklin’s data, “the formulation of our structure would have been most unlikely, if not impossible” (Note 2).”
- T2 reviewed
Um rascunho de reportagem feito para a revista Time pela jornalista Joan Bruce, nunca publicado, descrevia o trabalho como de duas equipes: Wilkins e Franklin nos raios X, Watson e Crick na teoria“Bruce portrayed the work as being done by “two teams”: one, consisting of Wilkins and Franklin, gathering experimental evidence using X-ray analysis; “the other” comprising Watson and Crick, working on theory.”
- T3 tertiary
Franklin não chegou ao pareamento complementar das bases, e nem tinha as estruturas corretas das bases para montar um modelo satisfatório“However, she did not yet see the complementarity of the base-pairing – Crick and Watson's breakthrough of 28 February, with all its biological significance; nor indeed at this point did Franklin have the correct structures of the bases, so even if she had tried, Franklin would not have been able to make a satisfactory structure.”
- T3 tertiary
Depois de terminado o modelo, Crick e Watson convidaram Wilkins para ser coautor; ele recusou por não ter participado da construção“Após a conclusão do modelo, Crick e Watson convidaram Wilkins para ser coautor do trabalho que descreve a estrutura. Wilkins recusou esta oferta, pois ele não participara da construção do modelo.”
- T3 tertiary
Depois, no Birkbeck, ela liderou pesquisa pioneira sobre a estrutura de vírus e morreu de câncer de ovário aos 37 anos, em 1958“Working under John Desmond Bernal, Franklin led pioneering work at Birkbeck on the molecular structures of viruses. On the day before she was to unveil the structure of tobacco mosaic virus at an international fair in Brussels, Franklin died of ovarian cancer at age 37 in 1958.”
- T3 tertiary
Aaron Klug, da equipe dela, continuou a pesquisa e ganhou o Nobel de Química de 1982“Her team member Aaron Klug continued her research, winning the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1982.”
- T3 tertiary
Depois da descoberta, Franklin e Watson trocaram cartas científicas cordiais; ela o consultou sobre a pesquisa com o RNA do vírus do mosaico do tabaco“Franklin consulted with Watson on her tobacco mosaic virus RNA research. Franklin's letters were framed with the normal and unremarkable forms of address, beginning with "Dear Jim", and concluding with "Best Wishes, Yours, Rosalind".”
- T1 primary
O Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina de 1962 foi dividido em três: Watson ficou com um terço, pelas descobertas sobre a estrutura molecular dos ácidos nucleicos - T2 reviewed
O Nobel de 1962 foi dado a Watson, Crick e Wilkins depois da morte de Rosalind Franklin, em 1958“The Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine was awarded in 1962 to Watson, Crick and Wilkins, after the death of Rosalind Franklin who passed away in 1958.”
- T2 reviewed
Prêmios Nobel póstumos sempre foram raríssimos e hoje não são permitidos“Posthumous Nobel prizes have always been extremely rare, and now aren’t allowed.”
- T1 primary
No arquivo de indicações ao Nobel de Química de 1953, nenhuma das 63 indicações traz o nome de Rosalind Franklin - T1 primary
No arquivo de Química de 1954, nenhuma das 72 indicações traz o nome dela - T1 primary
No arquivo de Química de 1955, nenhuma das 74 indicações traz o nome dela - T1 primary
No arquivo de Química de 1956, nenhuma das 80 indicações traz o nome dela - T1 primary
No arquivo de Química de 1957, nenhuma das 95 indicações traz o nome dela - T1 primary
No arquivo de Química de 1958, ano em que ela morreu, nenhuma das 85 indicações traz o nome dela - T2 reviewed
A contribuição dela foi reconhecida, depois da morte, no livro de memórias de Watson, de 1968“Her contribution was acknowledged posthumously in Watson's memoir in 1968.”
- T2 reviewed
Muita gente conhece Rosalind Franklin só pela lente distorcida do livro de Watson, The Double Helix“Although she made essential contributions toward elucidating the structure of DNA, Rosalind Franklin is known to many only as seen through the distorting lens of James Watson’s book, The Double Helix.”
- T3 tertiary
Watson fez comentários depreciativos sobre Franklin e foi criticado por misoginia“He made derogatory comments about Rosalind Franklin, who had been responsible for gathering data that led to the discovery of the structure of DNA, and was criticized for misogyny.”
- T2 reviewed
A versão popular, descrita pelos próprios Cobb e Comfort: o momento decisivo teria vindo quando Watson viu a imagem de raios X de Franklin sem a permissão e sem o conhecimento dela“Lore has it that the decisive insight for the double helix came when Watson was shown an X-ray image of DNA taken by Franklin — without her permission or knowledge.”
- T2 reviewed
A ideia de que Watson e Crick roubaram os dados de Franklin está no centro da controvérsia“Much of the controversy comes from a central idea: that James Watson and Francis Crick — the first to figure out DNA’s shape — stole data from another scientist named Rosalind Franklin.”
- T2 reviewed
Um dos autores do artigo da Nature escreve a biografia de Watson e o outro, a de Crick“One of us (N.C.) is writing a biography of Watson, the other (M.C.) is writing one of Crick.”
- T2 reviewed
A conclusão de Cobb e Comfort: ela merece ser lembrada não como vítima da dupla hélice, mas como contribuinte em pé de igualdade“She deserves to be remembered not as the victim of the double helix, but as an equal contributor to the solution of the structure.”
- T2 reviewed
Matthew Cobb resumiu à Associated Press: é muito menos dramático, não é um filme de assalto““It’s much less dramatic,” said article author Matthew Cobb, a zoologist at the University of Manchester who is working on a biography of Crick. “It’s not a heist movie.””
- T2 reviewed
O historiador da medicina Howard Markel, da Universidade de Michigan, não se convenceu da nova versão“Howard Markel, a historian of medicine at the University of Michigan, said he’s not convinced by the updated story.”
- T2 reviewed
Markel, autor de um livro sobre a descoberta, sustenta que Franklin foi lesada pelos outros e excluída em parte por ser uma mulher judia num campo dominado por homens“Markel — who wrote a book about the double helix discovery — believes that Franklin got “ripped off” by the others and they cut her out in part because she was a Jewish woman in a male-dominated field.”
- T2 reviewed
No livro de Markel, Watson viu um padrão de difração dela e Crick viu um relatório de progresso dela, ambos sem o conhecimento dela“Markel documents how, without her knowledge, James Watson was shown one of her key X-ray diffraction patterns, and Crick was shown one of her progress reports.”
- T2 reviewed
Para Markel, se a vida fosse justa o modelo se chamaria Watson-Crick-Franklin“"If life was fair, which it's not, it would be called the Watson-Crick-Franklin model," Markel told the PBS NewsHour's William Brangham”
- T2 reviewed
Segundo a cristalógrafa Elspeth Garman, só em 1999 Watson disse que a fotografia de Franklin foi o evento-chave, admitindo que a Foto 51 foi essencial para construir o modelo“It was not until 1999 that Watson finally said that ' . . . the Franklin photograph was the key event . . .' i.e. he at last admitted that Photo 51 was absolutely essential information for construction of the model.”
- T2 reviewed
Para Thoru Pederson, a foto chegou a Watson às escondidas e foi de importância crítica para as ideias e os modelos dele e de Crick“This photo was, months later, surreptitiously conveyed to her competitor James Watson, working with Francis Crick in the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, and was critically important to their evolving ideas and model building.”
- T3 tertiary
Gosling afirmou numa entrevista de 2013 que Franklin sabia que o trabalho dela tinha sido usado“Acreditava-se geralmente que Franklin nunca tinha consciência de que seu trabalho havia sido usado durante a construção do modelo, mas Gosling afirmou em sua entrevista de 2013 que "Sim. Ah, ela sabia disso".”
- T3 tertiary
Horace Freeland Judson deu a entender que Wilkins tirou a foto da gaveta de Franklin, versão também considerada incorreta“Além disso, foi implícito por Horace Freeland Judson que Maurice Wilkins havia tirado a fotografia da gaveta de Franklin, mas isso também é considerado incorreto.”
- T1 primary
No arquivo de Química de 1960, Watson, Crick e Wilkins aparecem indicados juntos por William Lawrence Bragg - T2 reviewed
James Watson morreu em 6 de novembro de 2025, num hospice em East Northport, Nova York, aos 97 anos“James Dewey Watson, a molecular biologist whose work helped decode the structure of DNA, died on November 6, 2025, at a hospice in East Northport, N.Y. He was 97 years old.”
- T1 primary
O artigo de Matthew Cobb e Nathaniel Comfort, What Rosalind Franklin truly contributed to the discovery of DNA's structure, saiu na Nature em 25 de abril de 2023 - T1 primary
No arquivo de indicações ao Nobel de Física de 1953, nenhuma das 51 indicações traz o nome de Rosalind Franklin - T1 primary
No arquivo de indicações ao Nobel de Física de 1954, nenhuma das 53 indicações traz o nome de Rosalind Franklin - T1 primary
No arquivo de indicações ao Nobel de Física de 1955, nenhuma das 58 indicações traz o nome de Rosalind Franklin - T1 primary
No arquivo de indicações ao Nobel de Física de 1956, nenhuma das 72 indicações traz o nome de Rosalind Franklin - T1 primary
No arquivo de indicações ao Nobel de Física de 1957, nenhuma das 66 indicações traz o nome de Rosalind Franklin - T1 primary
No arquivo de indicações ao Nobel de Física de 1958, nenhuma das 55 indicações traz o nome de Rosalind Franklin - T2 reviewed
Sem conseguir resolver a forma A, Franklin concluiu em meados de 1952 que ela não era helicoidal, e brincou com Wilkins mandando um falso aviso fúnebre da hélice cristalina do DNA“Unable to resolve the A-form structure, Franklin had decided by the middle of 1952 that it was not actually helical — she even teased Wilkins with a mock funeral notice for the crystalline DNA helix”
- T2 reviewed
Poucos dias antes de Watson ver a foto, o grupo de Cambridge tinha recebido um manuscrito de Linus Pauling que dizia ter resolvido a estrutura do DNA“Just days before, the Cambridge group had received a manuscript from the US chemist Linus Pauling, in which he’d claimed to have solved the DNA structure.”
- T2 reviewed
O que deu a estrutura a Watson e Crick, segundo eles mesmos, foram seis semanas de tentativa e erro, com cálculos químicos e modelos de papelão“What did was six weeks of what they later described as “trial and error” — making chemical calculations and fiddling about with cardboard models.”
- T2 reviewed
Pela carta de uma colega do King's a Crick, Franklin parece ter contado que Perutz repassaria a Crick o que sabia, na troca informal comum entre cientistas“Thus, Franklin seems to have assumed that Perutz would share his knowledge with Crick as part of the usual informal scientific exchange”
- T2 reviewed
O texto de Joan Bruce nunca foi publicado, nem descrito por historiadores até o artigo de Cobb e Comfort“Although Bruce’s article has never been published — or described by historians, until now — it is notable for its novel take on the discovery of the double helix.”
- T2 reviewed
Para Cobb e Comfort, parte do motivo de Franklin não ter chegado à estrutura foi trabalhar sozinha, sem um colega com quem trocar ideias“Franklin did not succeed, partly because she was working on her own without a peer with whom to swap ideas.”
- T2 reviewed
Na cristalografia, os raios X batem nos elétrons dos átomos do cristal, se espalham, e o desenho desse espalhamento fica registrado num papel fotográfico atrás do cristal“As the X-rays strike the electrons of the atoms making up that crystal, they are scattered—and the scatterplot is recorded on a piece of photographic paper placed directly behind the crystal.”
- T2 reviewed
Uma única imagem de raios X nunca dá a resposta inteira“Confounding matters further, a single X-ray image never provides the total answer.”
- T2 reviewed
Segundo os historiadores, a lenda vem em parte do próprio Watson, no livro The Double Helix“This “lore” came in part from Watson himself in his book “The Double Helix,” the historians say.”
- T3 tertiary
Por desentendimento com o diretor John Randall e com o colega Maurice Wilkins, Franklin se mudou para o Birkbeck College“Owing to disagreement with her director, John Randall, and her colleague Maurice Wilkins, Franklin moved to Birkbeck College in 1953.”
- T2 reviewed
Franklin se dedicava à forma A do DNA, e Wilkins à forma B“Franklin focused on the A form, Wilkins on the B form.”
- T3 tertiary
Experimentos de meados do século XX estabeleceram que o DNA é o material genético“estabeleceram conclusivamente que o DNA era de fato o material genético”
- T3 tertiary
Na dupla hélice, a molécula de DNA é formada por duas fitas unidas“Dupla Hélice: A molécula é formada por duas cadeias (fitas) unidas.”
- T3 tertiary
Açúcar e fosfato formam o esqueleto externo da hélice“Esqueleto Fosfato-Açúcar: As unidades de açúcar (desoxirribose) e fosfato formam o "esqueleto" externo da hélice.”
- T3 tertiary
As bases de uma fita se ligam às da outra num padrão estrito: A com T, e G com C“Pareamento Específico: As bases de uma fita ligam-se às bases da outra fita por pontes de hidrogênio em um padrão estrito: Adenina (A) sempre pareia com Timina (T), e Guanina (G) sempre pareia com Citosina (C).”
- T3 tertiary
Os próprios descobridores notaram que o pareamento sugeria como o material genético se copia“Não nos escapou a atenção que o pareamento específico que postulamos sugere imediatamente um possível mecanismo de cópia para o material genético.”
Literature outside the encyclopaedia, found by searching academic databases. Each passage was verified: it does exist in the published text. The reading is yours — we do not classify here whether a passage confirms or contradicts, because that is the part that takes judgement.
- T2 reviewed
Google Books — La contribution des femmes au développement de la théorie quantique, Bruno Del Medico, 2025-04-03“photo 51 " a été prise en 1952 dans le laboratoire du King's College de Londres par Raymond Gosling , un étudiant en doctorat supervisé par Franklin . Il s'agit d'une photographie aux rayons X de l'ADN, obtenue par des techniques de ...”
- T2 reviewed
Google Books — The Encyclopedia of Who, Tudor Books, 2026-09-23“Rosalind Franklin carried out crucial X-ray diffraction research on DNA at King's College ... Raymond Gosling under her supervision and provided exceptionally ...”
- T2 reviewed
Google Books — The Dawn Fisherman, Kersten Hall, 2026-07-23“photo had been taken in the spring of 1952 by Rosalind Franklin ( 1920–1958 ) ( Fig . 10.6 ) and her PhD student Raymond Gosling ( 1926–2015 ) at King's College , London who labelled it simply as ' Photo 51 ' in their lab notes ( Fig ...”
- T2 reviewed
Google Books — Geniuses, Heroes, and Saints, Massimiano Bucchi, 2025-05-13“Photo 51 ,” the mother of all intuitions on DNA structure, that made Watson jump as soon as he saw it: The instant I ... Raymond Gosling . Gosling worked with Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin at King's College , but he showed the ...”
- T2 reviewed
OpenAlex — Frontiers in Education Technology, 2023“The title of this paper, Photograph 51, describes a x-ray diffraction image of DNA (B form) taken by Franklin and her graduate student Raymond Gosling (Note 1).”
- T2 reviewed
OpenAlex — Notes and Records the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science, 2021“This paper explores her life and work, the legacy of which is ‘Photo 51’, the famous X-ray image of DNA taken by Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling in 1952 that now features on the new 50 pence coin.”
- T2 reviewed
OpenAlex — Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University), 2016“de analyse van epigenetische nieuwe generatie sequeneringsdata Cover IllustrationThe cover illustration shows the photograph (known as photo 51 ) of the X-ray crystallograph pattern of DNA obtained by Raymond Gosling under supervision of Rosalind Franklin in 1952.It was critical evidence in identifying the structure of DNA.”
- T2 reviewed
OpenAlex — Journal of Chemical Education, 2008“They were the first two forms to be observed by X-ray fiber diffraction in the early 1950s, respectively by Wilkins and Gosling and by Franklin and Gosling.”
- T2 reviewed
Google Books — Landmark Experiments in Molecular Biology, Michael Fry, 2016-06-10“Franklin and Gosling Identified the A- and B - Forms of DNA Taking off from the point that Wilkins had left ... Franklin and Gosling Identified the A- and B - Forms of DNA .”
- T2 reviewed
Google Books — Maxwell's Enduring Legacy, Malcolm Longair, 2016-07-07“Malcolm Longair. A form TO B form The B51 X - ray pictures taken by Franklin and Gosling of the A and B forms of DNA ... diffraction patterns . In October 1951 , Franklin and Raymond Gosling established that there are two different patterns ...”
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OpenAlex — Acta Crystallographica Section D Structural Biology, 2020“It was not until 1999 that Watson finally said that ' . . . the Franklin photograph was the key event . . .' i.e. he at last admitted that Photo 51 was absolutely essential information for construction of the model.”
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OpenAlex — The FASEB Journal, 2020“This photo was, months later, surreptitiously conveyed to her competitor James Watson, working with Francis Crick in the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, and was critically important to their evolving ideas and model building.”
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Google Books — Geniuses, Heroes, and Saints, Massimiano Bucchi, 2025-05-13“Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin at King's College , but he showed the photo without Franklin's ...”
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Google Books — 30-Second Twentieth Century, Jonathan T. Reynolds, 2015-05-07“King's College London, working alongside Maurice Wilkins with the assistance of PhD student Raymond Gosling. At King's ...”
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Google Books — Invisible Light, Adrian Thomas, 2022-03-27“Franklin had started working at King's College London in 1951 where Maurice Wilkins ... Photo 51 . The resultant image ...”
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OpenAlex — Frontiers in Education Technology, 2023“Its importance will be described, as well as Franklin’s other contributions to the double helix discovery. Of immense importance is what Crick and Watson themselves said: Without Franklin’s data, “the formulation of our structure would have been most unlikely, if not impossible” (Note 2).”
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Google Books — Making "Nature", Melinda Baldwin, 2015-08-18“MRC bio- physics committee member Max Perutz was responsible for giving Watson and Crick the report ; however , as he later ...”
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OpenAlex — Frontiers in Education Technology, 2023“Without Franklin’s data, “the formulation of our structure would have been most unlikely, if not impossible” (Note 2).”
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Crossref — Encyclopedia of Life Sciences“Abstract 1920 – 1958 English physical chemist and X‐ray crystallographer who played a key role in the discovery of the three‐dimensional structure of DNA.”
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OpenAlex — The American Biology Teacher, 2013“Rosalind Franklin, the noir heroine of DNA structure, died at 37.”
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OpenAlex — Frontiers in Education Technology, 2023“The Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine was awarded in 1962 to Watson, Crick and Wilkins, after the death of Rosalind Franklin who passed away in 1958.”
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OpenAlex — Profiles in Science, 1962“The telegram announcing the award of the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Crick, James Watson, and Maurice Wilkins.”
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OpenAlex — Profiles in Science, 1967“In this letter Crick proposed a three-way division of topics to be addressed by Wilkins, James Watson, and himself in their respective Nobel Prize lectures, which they were to deliver on December 10, 1962.”
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OpenAlex — periódico, 2003“Now aged 86, Maurice Wilkins marks the fiftieth anniversary of the discovery of the Double Helix by telling, for the first time, his own story of the discovery of the DNA structure and his relationship with Rosalind Franklin.”
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OpenAlex — International Journal of Life Sciences, 2025“The 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was subsequently awarded to Watson, Crick, and Wilkins. Franklin, whose data was so instrumenta”
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OpenAlex — Frontiers in Education Technology, 2023“The Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine was awarded in 1962 to Watson, Crick and Wilkins, after the death of Rosalind Franklin who passed away in 1958.”
- T2 reviewed
OpenAlex — Acta Crystallographica Section D Structural Biology, 2020“It was not until 1999 that Watson finally said that ' . . . the Franklin photograph was the key event . . .' i.e. he at last admitted that Photo 51 was absolutely essential information for construction of the model.”
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Crossref — Physics Today“Although she made essential contributions toward elucidating the structure of DNA, Rosalind Franklin is known to many only as seen through the distorting lens of James Watson’s book, The Double Helix.”
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OpenAlex — Frontiers in Genetics, 2021“Her contribution was acknowledged posthumously in Watson's memoir in 1968.”
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OpenAlex — The FASEB Journal, 2020“This photo was, months later, surreptitiously conveyed to her competitor James Watson, working with Francis Crick in the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, and was critically important to their evolving ideas and model building.”
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Google Books — MCAT EXAM PREP, Zachary C. Moore, 2026-05-26“Photo 51 , taken by Franklin's student Raymond Gosling, was shown to Watson by Maurice Wilkins without Franklin's permission.”
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Google Books — Springboard: KS3 Science Teacher Handbook 3, Adam Boxer, 2024-02-23“Wilkins shared this photograph – without the knowledge or permission of Franklin – with Watson ... double helix . Explain that if Watson ...”
Every photograph and every document that appears in the video is listed here, with author, licence and the address it came from. The charcoal illustrations are generated by us and announce themselves as interpretation: this channel does not fabricate photographs.
37 animated diagrams made for this video. Every number drawn in them is sourced in the research above.
The animated diagrams in this video show the Cavendish group photo with Watson and Crick marked and a cropped black-and-white portrait next to each name, taken from the archive photos listed below. Photo 51 always appears as a line redrawing: the original image belongs to the King's College London archive and was not reproduced. Since the 23/10/2026 version, the diagrams also show real pages from the Francis Crick papers (Wellcome Collection) and background photos, listed below.
A public-domain work is not the same as a public-domain recording: the Satie composition has always been free, but every performance carries its own performer rights. All the recordings below are CC0 or public domain in the recording itself, with the source page.
